DNA Direct: Your Genes in Context

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Paternity & Family Tests

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Y-Chromosome Paternal Lineage Testing

What does this test tell you?

A Y-chromosome paternal lineage DNA test can help figure out if two or more men are related to a common male ancestor through all male relatives. Because the DNA on the Y chromosome is passed only from fathers to sons and is relatively unchanged through the generations, it can be used to trace paternal inheritance. A paternal lineage represents a man's father, paternal grandfather, paternal great-grandfather, and so forth. Testing may be useful to predict if a male child is related to a possible paternal grandfather or paternal uncle, when the possible father is unavailable for straightforward paternity testing.

The results from a Y-chromosome paternal lineage test also may be helpful in combination with other relationship testing. For instance, siblingship testing and family tree reconstruction testing aren't as reliable as straightforward paternity or maternity testing. If the two male individuals are believed to be related to each other through males, The Y-chromosome parentage test can help support or sort through other less clear results.

Who needs to be tested?

Two or more males who believe they are related through all males

In a Y-chromosome paternal lineage test, DNA from two or more males is tested. Males have one "X" chromosome that they inherit from their mothers and one "Y" chromosome that they inherit from their fathers. Females have two X chromosomes — one from each parent. These chromosome combinations decide gender at conception. The Y chromosome is passed from father to son, from generation to generation, with very few changes to the Y chromosome. DNA on the Y chromosome is unique and unlike the DNA that females have.

The Y-chromosome Paternal Lineage Test looks at the pattern of 17 different DNA markers (unique sequences) in the DNA of the Y chromosome of each person tested. The test compares each marker profile of the males that are being tested to see if they are similar enough to suggest a biological relationship.

How does testing work?

With DNA Direct, you can order online, collect a painless cheek swab sample at home for any people that need to be tested, and receive your results anonymously. Test results are ready 5 business days from the time the laboratory receives DNA samples from all participants.

After placing an order, you are sent a self-collection kit that includes cheek swabs, return envelopes, and instructions. It is important to follow the instructions carefully. To collect each DNA sample, you rub a cheek swab up and down the inside of the person's cheek. The laboratory extracts the DNA from the cheek swab and analyzes it using standard laboratory procedures.