Warfarin

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Coumadin Labeling. Updated August 16, 2007. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2007/009218s105lblv2.pdf . Accessed October 31, 2007.

Horton JD, Bushwick BM. Warfarin therapy: evolving strategies in anticoagulation. Am Fam Physician 1999 Feb 1;59(3):635-46.

CYP2C9 Background

Lynch T, Price A. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. Am Fam Physician 2007 Aug 1;76(3):391-6.

Kirchheiner J, Brockmoller J. Clinical consequences of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 77(1):1-16.

VKORC1 Background

Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2285-93.

Warfarin Pharmacogenomics

Rettie AE, Tai G. The pharmocogenomics of warfarin: closing in on personalized medicine. Mol Interv 2006 Aug;6(4):223-7.

Yin T, Miyata T. Warfarin dose and the pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 - rationale and perspectives. Thromb Res 2007;120(1):1-10. Epub 2006 Dec 11.

Sanderson S, Emery J, Higgins J. CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: a HuGEnet systematic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2005 Feb;7(2):97-104.

Wadelius M, Chen LY, Downes K, Ghori J, Hunt S, Eriksson N, Wallerman O, Melhus H, Wadelius C, Bentley D, Deloukas P. Common VKORC1 and GGCX polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose. Pharmacogenomics J 2005;5(4):262-70.

Genotype-Directed Warfarin Dosing

Zhu Y, Shennan M, Reynolds KK, Johnson NA, Herrnberger MR, Valdes R Jr, Linder MW. Estimation of warfarin maintenance dose based on VKORC1 (-1639 G>A) and CYP2C9 genotypes. Clin Chem. 2007 Jul;53(7):1199-205. Epub 2007 May 17.

Sconce EA, Khan TI, Wynne HA, et al. The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen. Blood 2005;106:2329-33.

Voora D, Eby C, Linder MW, et al. Prospective dosing of warfarin based on cytochrome P-450 2C9 genotype. Thromb Haemost 2005;93:700-5.

Millican E, Jacobsen PA, Milligan PE, Grosso L, Eby C, Deych E, Grice G, Clohisy JC, Barrack RL, Burnett RS, Voora D, Gatchel S, Tiemeier A, Gage B. Genetic-Based Dosing in Orthopedic Patients Beginning Warfarin Therapy. Blood 2007.